It is good to be average: Ecological correlates of breeding phenology in an Arctic seabird, Alle alle (Dovekie) (2024)

Recognizing the deviation in an animal's behavior from a population mean is not only necessary to understand the evolution and stability of the whole system but also to predict the future of a population in a changing environment. Arctic seabirds are expected to exhibit high synchronization in timing of breeding at the population level, due to highly seasonal and harsh environmental conditions. Nevertheless, even in such a highly synchronized system, there are always some earlier and later breeders, and the drivers of inter-pair variation remain largely unknown. Using an 8-year dataset on Alle alle (Dovekie), a small Arctic seabird, we examined potential drivers of breeding phenology. We found that A. alle pairs were quite repeatable in their phenology, and preserved their phenological status, with their chicks hatching consistently before, during, or after the population median date for hatching, despite that the calendar position of the median shifted between years. This would suggest that timing of breeding is associated with some pair characteristics, either via properties of the nest and/or some partner's traits. However, breeding phenology of the pair was not dependent on nest location, pair bond duration or morphological similarity of the partners. Importantly, timing of breeding was negatively associated with chick growth rate, indicating fitness consequences of phenology. A simulation in our study further suggests that the chance of fledgling survival in the context of predation may be the highest for the chicks that hatched during the peak of the hatching period. While our results suggest that the timing of the breeding is important for the reproductive outcome, further research is required to determine the drivers of the consistent breeding phenology within A. alle pairs.

LAY SUMMARY

  • Due to limited time window for breeding, Arctic seabirds are expected to exhibit high breeding synchronization at the population level but there is considerable inter-pair variability in the timing of breeding. The cause of this variation and its consequences remains an intriguing question.

  • Using eight years of data on the Dovekie, an Arctic seabird, we examined various drivers of timing of breeding.

  • We found that specific pairs breed earlier, later, or with a majority of population and this behavior repeats yearly even though the timing of the breeding of the population, as a whole, changes.

  • We also found that timing of breeding of a pair was not related to examined variables (nest location, pair bond duration, morphological similarity of the partners), but it affected the reproductive outcome (expressed as chick growth rate), with chicks hatched later in the season growing slower.

Reconocer la desviación de la media poblacional en el comportamiento de un animal no solo es necesario para entender la evolución y estabilidad de todo el sistema, sino también para predecir el futuro de una población en un entorno cambiante. Se espera que las aves marinas árticas muestren una alta sincronización en el momento de la reproducción a nivel poblacional, debido a las condiciones ambientales altamente estacionales y adversas. No obstante, incluso en un sistema tan altamente sincronizado, siempre hay algunos individuos que se reproducen antes y otros después de la media poblacional, y qué causa de esta variación entre las parejas sigue siendo una pregunta intrigante. Usando una base de datos de 8 años de Alle alle (mérgulo marino), una pequeña ave marina ártica, examinamos los posibles factores que impulsan la distribución observada de la fenología reproductiva. Encontramos que las parejas de A. alle eran bastante repetitivas en su fenología y mantenían su estado fenológico, con sus polluelos eclosionando consistentemente antes, durante o después de la fecha mediana de eclosión de la población, a pesar de que la posición en el calendario de la mediana cambiaba entre años. Esto sugeriría que el momento de la reproducción está asociado con algunas características de la pareja, ya sea a través de propiedades del nido y/o algunas características de las parejas. Sin embargo, la fenología reproductiva de la pareja no dependía de la ubicación del nido, la duración del vínculo de pareja ni la similitud morfológica de las miembros de la pareja. Es importante destacar que el momento de la reproducción se asociaba negativamente con la tasa de crecimiento de los polluelos, lo que indica consecuencias de la fenología en la aptitud biológica. Nuestra simulación sugiere además que la probabilidad de supervivencia de los volantones en el contexto de la depredación puede ser más alta para los polluelos que eclosionaron durante el pico del período de eclosión. Aunque nuestros resultados sugieren que el momento de la reproducción es importante para el resultado reproductivo, se requiere más investigación para determinar los factores que impulsan la repetitividad dentro de las parejas de A. alle.

It is good to be average: Ecological correlates of breeding phenology in an Arctic seabird, Alle alle (Dovekie) (2024)
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